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                <blockquote>
<p>参考地址：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://code.ziqiangxuetang.com/django/django-forms.html">https://code.ziqiangxuetang.com/django/django-forms.html</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="表单"><a href="#表单" class="headerlink" title="表单"></a>表单</h2><h4 id="GET请求"><a href="#GET请求" class="headerlink" title="GET请求"></a>GET请求</h4><ul>
<li>index.html</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;p&gt;请输入两个数字&lt;/p&gt;
 
 
&lt;form action="/add/" method="get"&gt;
    a: &lt;input type="text" name="a"&gt; &lt;br&gt;
    b: &lt;input type="text" name="b"&gt; &lt;br&gt;
     
    &lt;input type="submit" value="提交"&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;
 
 
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>views.py</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
 
def index(request):
    return render(request, 'index.html')
     
def add(request):
    a = request.GET['a']
    b = request.GET['b']
    a = int(a)
    b = int(b)
    return HttpResponse(str(a+b))<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>request.GET 可以看成一个字典，用GET方法传递的值都会保存到其中，可以用 request.GET.get(‘key’, None)来取值，没有时不报错。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>提交表单后就直接跳转了</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">http://127.0.0.1:8000/add/?a=2&amp;b=3<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="多选表单的数据获取"><a href="#多选表单的数据获取" class="headerlink" title="多选表单的数据获取"></a>多选表单的数据获取</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">&lt;input type="checkbox",name="fcolor",value="Green"&gt;Green
&lt;input type="checkbox",name="fcolor",value="Red"&gt;Red<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>使用</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">urfcolor = request.GET.getlist('fcolor')<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>for循环判断为空</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">颜色喜好
{% for c in urfcolor %}
{{ c }}
{% empty %}
没有任何颜色
{% endfor %}<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="POST请求"><a href="#POST请求" class="headerlink" title="POST请求"></a>POST请求</h4><ul>
<li>app文件夹下创建forms.py</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django import forms
 
class AddForm(forms.Form):
    a = forms.IntegerField()
    b = forms.IntegerField()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>views.py</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none"># coding:utf-8
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
 
# 引入我们创建的表单类
from .forms import AddForm
 
def index(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':# 当提交表单时
     
        form = AddForm(request.POST) # form 包含提交的数据
         
        if form.is_valid():# 如果提交的数据合法
            a = form.cleaned_data['a']
            b = form.cleaned_data['b']
            return HttpResponse(str(int(a) + int(b)))
     
    else:# 当正常访问时
        form = AddForm()
    return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': form})<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>index.html</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">&lt;form method='post'&gt;
{% csrf_token %}
{{ form }}
&lt;input type="submit" value="提交"&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="forms的使用"><a href="#forms的使用" class="headerlink" title="forms的使用"></a>forms的使用</h4><blockquote>
<p>使用forms.py就是方便再网页中的表单，要是再forms.py文件中定义好了要需要的内容，再html文件表单中只需要一行代码调用</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>forms.py</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">class ContactForm(forms.Form):
    CITY = [
        ['TB','TaiBei'],
        ['TW','TaiWan']
    ]

    user_name = forms.CharField(label="您的姓名",max_length=50,initial='张三')
    user_city = forms.ChoiceField(label="居住城市",choices=CITY)
    user_email = forms.EmailField(label="电子邮件")
    user_message = forms.CharField(label="您的意见",widget=forms.Textarea)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>views.py</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from app01 import forms
def contact(request):
    form = forms.ContactForm()
    template = get_template('index.html')
    request_context = RequsetContext(request)
    request_context.push(locals())
    html = template.render(request_context)
    return html<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>index.htlm</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">&lt;form name="my form" action="#" method="POST"&gt;
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
&lt;/form&gt;<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>action=”#”:表示数据提交到本页面</li>
<li>form.as_p:以<p>段落方式生成表单内容，还有as_table</p></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>提取数据</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">form = forms.ContactForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
    message = "感谢你的来信"
    user_name = forms.cleaned_data('user_name')
    user_city = forms.cleaned_data('user_city')
else:
    message = "输入的数据有误"<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="ModelForm的使用"><a href="#ModelForm的使用" class="headerlink" title="ModelForm的使用"></a>ModelForm的使用</h4><blockquote>
<p>继承model中定义的类，还可以<strong>增加</strong>想要的字段，也可以过滤掉不使用的字段</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">class PostForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = models.PModel
        fields = ['mood','nickname','message','del_pass']

        def __init__(self):
            super(PostForm,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
            self.fields['mood'].label = "现在的心情"
            self.fields['nickname'].label = "你的留言"<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">post_form = forms.PostForm()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>post_form就可以再post.html中展示出来</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Session"><a href="#Session" class="headerlink" title="Session"></a>Session</h2><blockquote>
<p>参考地址：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://code.ziqiangxuetang.com/django/django-session.html">https://code.ziqiangxuetang.com/django/django-session.html</a></p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>session 默认有效时间为两周，可以在 settings.py 中修改默认值</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none"># 创建或修改 session：
request.session[key] = value
# 获取 session：
request.session.get(key,default=None)
# 删除 session
del request.session[key] # 不存在时报错<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li><strong>一个简化的登陆认证</strong></li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">def login(request):
    m = Member.objects.get(username=request.POST['username'])
    if m.password == request.POST['password']:
        request.session['member_id'] = m.id
        return HttpResponse("You're logged in.")
    else:
        return HttpResponse("Your username and password didn't match.")
         
         
def logout(request):
    try:
        del request.session['member_id']
    except KeyError:
        pass
    return HttpResponse("You're logged out.")<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>当登陆时验证用户名和密码，并保存用户id在 session 中，这样就可以在视图中用 request.session[‘member_id’]来检查用户是否登陆，当退出的时候，删除掉它。</p>
</blockquote>
<h6 id="设置测试cookie"><a href="#设置测试cookie" class="headerlink" title="设置测试cookie"></a>设置测试cookie</h6><blockquote>
<p>你不能指望所有浏览器都接受cookie，Django可以测试浏览器是否接受cookie</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>在视图views中调用request.session.set_test_cookie()，并且在<strong>后续视图</strong>中检查request.sessiom.test_cookie_worked()</li>
<li>检查是否正常工作后还可以删除，delete_test_cookie</li>
<li>例子</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">def login():
		if request.POST == 'POST':
				request.session.delete_test_cookie()
				return HttpRespose("You1 Are Login In")
		else:
				return HttpResponse("Please enabel cookie and try again")

#或者
request.session.set_test_cookie()
return render_to_response("foo/login_form.html")<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h6 id="在视图外使用session"><a href="#在视图外使用session" class="headerlink" title="在视图外使用session"></a>在视图外使用session</h6><blockquote>
<p>session 只是一个普通的django model，每个session都是由一个随机的32位哈希串来标识的，并且存储在cookie中。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>可以使用数据库API来读取session</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.contrib.sessions.moedels import Session
#创建session
s = Session.objects.get(pk="awesd1354sdfdsrewdcx5532ds")<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>




<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/image-20210209174200015.png"></p>
<h4 id="cookie"><a href="#cookie" class="headerlink" title="cookie"></a>cookie</h4><blockquote>
<p>http协议是无状态的，cookie存储在浏览器中，浏览器从某个服务器请求页面时，会向服务器会送之前收到的cookie</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210208104059.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>一般开发使用高层框架session或者user框架。</li>
<li>cookies信息存储在本地，用户可以拒绝，也容易被嗅探到。通过http协议发送（明文）</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none"><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>


<h4 id="用户与auth"><a href="#用户与auth" class="headerlink" title="用户与auth"></a>用户与auth</h4><blockquote>
<p>django提供了相关工具来处理用户注册和认证功能。</p>
</blockquote>
<h6 id="使用步骤"><a href="#使用步骤" class="headerlink" title="使用步骤"></a>使用步骤</h6><ul>
<li>确定安装session框架，用户使用cookie</li>
<li>‘django.contrib.auth’放在INSTALLED_APPS中，运行<code> manage.py syncdb</code>创建对应的数据表</li>
<li>MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES中包含django.contirb.auth.middkeware.AuthenticationMiddleware</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="使用"><a href="#使用" class="headerlink" title="使用"></a>使用</h6><ul>
<li>在视图中存取user，主要用request.user，表示当前已经登录的用户</li>
<li>is_authenticated()方法判断用户是否登录</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">if request.usr.is_authenticated():
		pass
else:
		pass<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h6 id="user对象属性"><a href="#user对象属性" class="headerlink" title="user对象属性"></a>user对象属性</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>属性</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>username</td>
<td>必须，少于30个字符。字母数字下划线</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>first_name</td>
<td>可选，少于30个字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>last_name</td>
<td>可选，少于30个字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>email</td>
<td>可选，邮件地址</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>password</td>
<td>必须，密码的哈希值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>is_staff</td>
<td>布尔值，用户是否具有管理网站的权限</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>is_active</td>
<td>设置用户是否可以登录，False不是代表删除用户</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>is_superuser</td>
<td>用户是否拥所有权限</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>last_login</td>
<td>用户上次登录的时间日期</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>data_joined</td>
<td>账号创建的日期</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="user对象方法"><a href="#user对象方法" class="headerlink" title="user对象方法"></a>user对象方法</h6><ul>
<li>is_authenticated()</li>
<li>is_anonymous()</li>
<li>get_full_name()</li>
<li>set_password(passwd)</li>
<li>check_password(passwd)</li>
<li>get_group_permission()</li>
<li>get_all_permission()</li>
<li>has_perm(perm)</li>
<li>has_perm(list_perm)</li>
<li>has_module_perms(app_label)</li>
<li>get_and_delete_messages()</li>
<li>email_user(subj,msg)</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="user对象可以获得它们相关的对象"><a href="#user对象可以获得它们相关的对象" class="headerlink" title="user对象可以获得它们相关的对象"></a>user对象可以获得它们相关的对象</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">myuser.groups = group_list
myuser.groups.add(group1,group2)
myuser.groups.remove(group1,group2)
myuser.groups,clear()<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h6 id="登录和退出"><a href="#登录和退出" class="headerlink" title="登录和退出"></a>登录和退出</h6><blockquote>
<p>Django提供两个函数来执行django.contrib.auth中的动作: authenticate()和login()</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>认证给出用户名和密码。authenticate()函数接受两个参数，不符合返回None</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.contrib import auth
user = auth.authentiate(username = "join",passwort="secret")
if user is not Noen:
		print("Correct")
else:
		print("Invalid password")<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>login()函数接受一个HttpRequest对象和一个User对象作为参数并使用Django的会话框架把用户的ID保存在该会话中</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="一个视图中使用authenticate-和login"><a href="#一个视图中使用authenticate-和login" class="headerlink" title="一个视图中使用authenticate()和login()"></a>一个视图中使用authenticate()和login()</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.contrib import auth

def login_views(request):
		username = request.POST.get('username','')
		password = request.POST.get('password','')
		user = auth.authenticate(username=username,password=password)
		if user is not None and user_is_active:
				auth.login(request,user)
				return HttpResponseRedirect("/account/loginedin")
		else:
				return HttpResponseRedirect("/account/invalid")<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h6 id="注销用户"><a href="#注销用户" class="headerlink" title="注销用户"></a>注销用户</h6><blockquote>
<p>注销哟呵用户，在视图中只用djano.contrib.logout()，它接受一个HttpRequset对象并且没有返回值</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.contrib import auth

def logout_view(request):
		auth.logout(request)
		return HttpResponseRedirect("/account/loginedout")<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>即使用户没有登录也不会报错</p>
</blockquote>
<h6 id="URL配置"><a href="#URL配置" class="headerlink" title="URL配置"></a>URL配置</h6><blockquote>
<p>在实际中</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">from django.contrib.views import login,logout


('accounts/login/$',login),
('acccouts/logout/$',logout)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100715.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100737.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100755.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100808.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100824.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100847.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100902.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100913.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100926.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100940.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211100952.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211101004.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211101018.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/liangxinixn/blog002/raw/master/image01/20210211101030.png"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>现在就到这里，有很多没写，这样写下去不是办法，还是保存电子书，等到需要做项目的时候边做边学边写笔记</p>
</blockquote>

                
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